{"id":30764,"date":"2016-10-01T20:44:51","date_gmt":"2016-10-01T20:44:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/silvaco.com\/%eb%b6%84%eb%a5%98%eb%90%98%ec%a7%80-%ec%95%8a%ec%9d%8c\/tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k\/"},"modified":"2026-10-16T08:20:30","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T15:20:30","slug":"tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/silvaco.com\/ko\/simulation-standard-ko\/tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k\/","title":{"rendered":"TCAD Simulation of Impact Ionization at Cryogenic Temperatures, down to 3 K"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>TCAD Simulation of Impact Ionization at Cryogenic Temperatures, down to 3 K<\/h1>\n<p>Some electronic devices operate at very low, cryogenic temperatures, sometimes as low as 4 K, which is the temperature of liquid helium. Such devices include infra-red (IR) photodetectors or single-photon Avalanche Photo-Diodes (APD) (also known as a Geiger-mode APD or GAPD), based on a reverse biased p-n junction in which a photo-generated carrier can trigger an avalanche current due to the impact ionization mechanism. This device is able to detect low-intensity optical signals, e.g. single photon [1], [2].<\/p>\n<p>TCAD simulations of devices operating at such low temperatures, especially below 50 K, have always posed a challenge. Below 50 K, carrier and ionization statistics develop sharp transitions which cause slower convergence. As the temperature (T) decreases, the intrinsic carrier concentration also decreases. For example, the silicon intrinsic carrier concentration (<em>n<\/em><sub>i<\/sub>), which at T=300K is around 1.5e+10 cm<sup>-3<\/sup>, at T=40K becomes 1.2e-53 cm<sup>-3<\/sup>, at T=30K<em>n<\/em><sub>i<\/sub>=1.8e-77 cm<sup>-3<\/sup>, at T=20K\u00a0<em>n<\/em><sub>i<\/sub>= 5.0e-125 cm<sup>-3<\/sup>, and at T=10K\u00a0<em>n<\/em><sub>i<\/sub>= 2.7e-267 cm<sup>-3<\/sup>. Therefore, in quasi-neutral or depletion regions, the minority carrier concentration can easily underflow. Such the situation requires using a significantly higher floating point precision, as well as special numerical techniques, which are available in Silvaco\u2019s TCAD device simulation tools.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"782\" height=\"1012\" src=\"https:\/\/silvaco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/simstd_Q4_2016_a3-1.jpg\" class=\"cleaned-enfold-image\" alt=\"\" decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/silvaco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/simstd_Q4_2016_a3-1.jpg 782w, https:\/\/silvaco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/simstd_Q4_2016_a3-1-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/silvaco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/simstd_Q4_2016_a3-1-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/silvaco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/simstd_Q4_2016_a3-1-545x705.jpg 545w, https:\/\/silvaco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/simstd_Q4_2016_a3-1-29x37.jpg 29w, https:\/\/silvaco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/simstd_Q4_2016_a3-1-43x55.jpg 43w, https:\/\/silvaco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/simstd_Q4_2016_a3-1-37x48.jpg 37w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/silvaco.com\/dynamicweb\/jsp\/downloads\/DownloadDocStepsAction.do?req=download&#038;nm=simstd_Q4_2016_a3.pdf\" class=\"BGT-btn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Download Simulation Standard<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Some electronic devices operate at very low, cryogenic temperatures, sometimes as low as 4 K, which is the temperature of liquid helium. Such devices include infra-red (IR) photodetectors or single-photon Avalanche Photo-Diodes (APD) (also known as a Geiger-mode APD or GAPD), based on a reverse biased p-n junction in which a photo-generated carrier can trigger an avalanche current due to the impact ionization mechanism. This device is able to detect low-intensity optical signals, e.g. single photon [1], [2].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":19221,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7486],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-simulation-standard-ko","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.7 (Yoast SEO v28.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>TCAD Simulation of Impact Ionization at Cryogenic Temperatures, down to 3 K - Silvaco<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Some electronic devices operate at very low, cryogenic temperatures, sometimes as low as 4 K, which is the temperature of liquid helium.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/silvaco.com\/ko\/simulation-standard-ko\/tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ko_KR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TCAD Simulation of Impact Ionization at Cryogenic Temperatures, down to 3 K\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Some electronic devices operate at very low, cryogenic temperatures, sometimes as low as 4 K, which is the temperature of liquid helium.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/silvaco.com\/ko\/simulation-standard-ko\/tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Silvaco\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/SilvacoSoftware\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2016-10-01T20:44:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-16T15:20:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/silvaco.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/simstd_Q4_2016_a3-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"782\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1012\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Casey Molver\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@SilvacoSoftware\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@SilvacoSoftware\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\uae00\uc4f4\uc774\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Casey Molver\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\uc608\uc0c1 \ub418\ub294 \ud310\ub3c5 \uc2dc\uac04\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/silvaco.com\\\/ko\\\/simulation-standard-ko\\\/tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/silvaco.com\\\/ko\\\/simulation-standard-ko\\\/tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Casey Molver\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/silvaco.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/2763eb741ca5ac04477fdff50ed84c80\"},\"headline\":\"TCAD Simulation of Impact Ionization at Cryogenic Temperatures, down to 3 K\",\"datePublished\":\"2016-10-01T20:44:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-16T15:20:30+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/silvaco.com\\\/ko\\\/simulation-standard-ko\\\/tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":226,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/silvaco.com\\\/ko\\\/simulation-standard-ko\\\/tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/silvaco.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/03\\\/simstd_Q4_2016_a3-1.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Simulation Standard\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ko-KR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/silvaco.com\\\/ko\\\/simulation-standard-ko\\\/tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/silvaco.com\\\/ko\\\/simulation-standard-ko\\\/tcad-simulation-of-impact-ionization-at-cryogenic-temperatures-down-to-3-k\\\/\",\"name\":\"TCAD Simulation of Impact Ionization at Cryogenic Temperatures, down to 3 K - 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